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1 charge limit
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > charge limit
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2 charge limit
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3 charge limit
1) Техника: предельный заряд (при взрывных работах)2) Горное дело: предельный заряд (взрывчатого вещества, допустимый при взрывании в шахтах, опасных по газу или пыли) -
4 charge limit
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5 charge limit
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6 charge limit for non-ignition
Горное дело: предельный заряд, не воспламеняющий метано-воздушную смесьУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > charge limit for non-ignition
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7 limit
1) граница || ограничивать2) допуск3) порог; предел || устанавливать предел4) лимит || лимитировать5) мн. ч. интервал значений•down to the limit — в максимальной степени; до предела; предельно
limit approached from the left — мат. предел при стремлении переменной к точке слева
limit from the left — мат. предел слева
limit from the right — мат. предел справа
limit in probability — мат. предел по вероятности
limit in quadratic mean — мат. предел в среднеквадратическом смысле
limit in the mean — мат. предел в среднем
limit on the left — мат. предел слева
limit on the right — мат. предел справа
passage to the limit — мат. предельный переход
proceeding to limit — мат. переход к пределу
to tend to limit — мат. стремиться к пределу
to take limit — мат. найти предел
to set the limit to — устанавливать предел (чего-л.)
- almost significant limit - lower control limit - upper control limitto proceed [pass] to limit — мат. переходить к пределу
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8 limit
1) допредельный
2) лимитный
3) ограничивать
4) граница
5) лимитировать
6) допуск
– absolute limit
– attention limit
– beyond limit
– charge limit
– confidence limit
– control limit
– elastic limit
– elevation limit
– fatigue limit
– frequency limit
– ice limit
– inverse limit
– limit analysis
– limit bridge
– limit dilution
– limit gauge
– limit group
– limit in the mean
– limit inferior
– limit of audibility
– limit of elasticity
– limit of error
– limit of haze
– limit of size
– limit of vision
– limit on left
– limit on right
– limit point
– limit process
– limit representation
– limit set
– limit stop
– limit switch
– lower limit
– pass to limit
– passage to the limit
– photoconduction limit
– plastic limit
– probability limit
– projective limit
– proportional limit
– restricted limit
– search limit
– set limit to
– significance limit
– specification limit
– stability limit
– superior limit
– tend to limit
– tolerance limit
– upper limit
– warning limit
– with no limit
– without limit
central limit theorem — теорема о центральном пределе, теорема предельная центральная, центральная предельная теорема
lower pitch limit — < radio> предел высоты тона нижний
quantity constant in the limit — предельно постоянная величина
single specification limit — <math.> предел допускаемый односторонний
superior ecliptic limit — <astr.> предел затмения верхний
upper pitch limit — < radio> предел высоты тоны верхний
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9 charge
1) утяжелять
2) заваливать
3) заряд
4) заряжать
5) засыпь
6) колоша
7) колошниковый
8) начисление
9) снаряжать
10) тарифный
11) шаржировать
12) шихтовой
13) шихтовый
14) нагружать
15) нагрузка
16) плата
17) протяженность
18) заряд электрический
19) обвинение
20) цена
21) обвинять
22) загруженность
23) загрузка
24) зарядный
25) шихта
26) загрузочный
27) сырьевой
28) загружать
29) заправка
– acquire charge
– air-cushioned charge
– atomic charge
– bed charge
– blast-hole charge
– blend charge
– boost charge
– bound charge
– build up charge
– chamber charge
– charge amplifier
– charge battery
– charge body
– charge capacity
– charge carrier
– charge characteristic
– charge conjugation
– charge conservation
– charge cylinder
– charge equality
– charge follower
– charge furnace
– charge hangs
– charge independence
– charge integrator
– charge limit
– charge neutralization
– charge particle
– charge pattern
– charge permutation
– charge platform
– charge singularity
– charge size
– charge slip
– charge storage
– charge transfer
– charge unit
– charge weight
– coefficient of charge
– concentrated charge
– continuous charge
– decked charge
– deep-hole charge
– deep-seated charge
– drop of the charge
– electrostatic charge
– excess charge
– explosive charge
– extended charge
– fictituous charge
– fixed charge
– flashpowder charge
– freight charge
– high-scrap charge
– hydrocarbon charge
– induced charge
– iron charge
– line of charge
– loss of charge
– make up the charge
– misfired charge
– net charge
– nuclear charge
– ore charge
– prime charge
– put on charge
– retain charge
– set off charge in blast-hole
– shaped charge
– space charge
– sprung-hole charge
– state of charge
– surplus charge
– Szigeti charge
– tempering charge
– unit charge
– unlike charge
– volume charge
– zero charge
charge storage mode — <electr.> режим накопления заряда
restricted burning charge — <cosm.> шашка пороховая бронированная
space charge region — <phys.> зона заполненная, <electr.> область пространственного заряда
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10 charge of rupture
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > charge of rupture
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11 space-charge intensity limit
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > space-charge intensity limit
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12 space-charge intensity limit
Бытовая техника: кулоновский предел интенсивностиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > space-charge intensity limit
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13 space-charge intensity limit
English-Russian household appliances > space-charge intensity limit
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14 space-charge intensity limit
English-Russian dictionary on household appliances > space-charge intensity limit
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15 предельный заряд
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > предельный заряд
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16 order
I сущ.1)а) общ. порядок (последовательность, расположение, размещение в определенном порядке)б) мат. кратность, степень2)а) общ. (заведенный) порядок, системаSee:б) общ. (общественный) порядокSee:в) упр. порядок, процедура, регламент (собрания и т. п)See:3) общ. строй (система общественного, государственного устройства)4) потр. исправность; порядок; хорошее состояниеThe car is in [out of\] order. — Автомобиль исправен [неисправен\].
See:II 1. сущ.1) общ., часто мн. приказ; распоряжение; предписание; командаCOMBS:
The British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London. — Британские корабли стали на якорь в ожидании распоряжений из Лондона.
Syn:See:antidumping duty order, banker's order, collection order, countervailing duty order, delivery order, money order, shipping order, stop payment order, secondary legislation, charge 1. 4) а), command 1. 1) а)2) фин. финансовое требование, ордер (требование выплатить какую-л. сумму на основании документа, напр., векселя, чека)See:3) юр. предписание судаCOMBS:
See:4) торг. заказ (предложение заказчика изготовить, поставить товары с указанием количества, ассортимента, качества, сроков и других необходимых данных либо выполнить работу; вид оферты)COMBS:
on order — быть заказанным, производиться по заказу
We expect the price to rise, once the government order occurs. — Мы ожидаем повышения цены, как только будет размещен государственный заказ.
See:advertising order, credit order, purchase order, order buyer, order point, Table of Denial Orders, cash with order, offer 1. 2) а), economic order quantity model5) общ. заказ (в ресторане и т. п.)I gave the waiter my order. — Я сделал официанту заказ.
6) бирж. (биржевой) приказ, ордер, заявка ( приказ брокеру о покупке или продаже ценных бумаг или других активов)See:all-or-any part, alternative order, at-the-close order, at-the-opening order, buy order, buy stop order, contingent order, day order, discretionary order, fill-or-kill order, firm order, good this month order, good this week order, good till cancelled order, limit order, limit-on-close order, limit-or-better order, market if touched order, market order, matching orders, no limit order, not-held order, odd lot order, off-floor order, on-floor order, price limit order, scale order, sell order, sell stop order, significant order, split order, spread order, stop-close-only order, stop-limit order, stop loss order, supporting order, take profit order, time limit order, time of day order, Automated Order Entry System, Boston Exchange Automated Communication Order-routing Network, computer-assisted order routing and execution system, Designated Order Turnaround System, Small Order Execution System, Special Order Routing and Execution System, Super Designated Order Turnaround System, System on Computerized Order Routing and Execution, stockbroker, safeguarding interests2. гл.1) упр., воен. приказывать, распоряжаться, поручатьSyn:2) общ. назначать, прописывать (лекарство и т. п.)разг.
just what the doctor ordered — то, что доктор прописал; то, что надо3) общ. заказывать4) общ. располагать, распределять ( в определенном порядке)III сущ.1) общ. слой общества, социальная группаthe lower [higher\] orders — низшие [высшие\] слои общества
Syn:2)а) общ. рыцарский или религиозный орденб) общ. (тайное) общество, (тайная) организация ( частных лиц)3)а) общ. духовный санб) общ. группа духовных лицholy [full\] orders — духовенство
4) общ. знак отличия, орденOrder of Merit — орден "За заслуги"
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приказ: 1) приказ клиента брокеру купить или продать ценные бумаги (товары) на тех или иных условиях; см. limit order; 2) предписание суда; распоряжение властей; 3) см. "to the order of"; 4) заказ на покупку или продажу товаров или услуг, который связывает эмитента заказа условиями, которые в нем поименованы.* * *ЗАКАЗ, ордер. документ, направляемый покупателем (заказчиком) продавцу с твердым намерением купить определенный товар; содержит информацию о необходимом количестве товара, его качестве, цене, сроках поставки, предельном сроке ответа. Если в течении указанного срока продавец безоговорочно подтверждает (акцептирует) З. покупателя, между ними возникают договорные отношения (заключается договор) с вытекающими обязательствами для обеих сторон. . Биржевой приказ - Используется при покупке или продаже финансовых инструментов Словарь экономических терминов 1 .* * *документ, направляемый покупателем (заказчиком) продавцу, в котором выражено твердое намерение купить определенный товар (услуги) и изложены все условия совершения покупки (количество, качество товара, цена, срок поставки) -
17 velocity
- velocity of propagationvelocity on — скорость нажатия на клавишу, скорость удара по клавише
- velocity of sound
- acoustic velocity
- air velocity
- Alfven velocity
- angular velocity
- apparent velocity
- apparent bubble velocity
- average velocity
- bubble translation velocity
- carrier velocity
- charge-drift velocity
- charge-transfer velocity
- constant angular velocity
- constant linear velocity
- dislocation velocity
- domain velocity
- domain-wall limit velocity
- Doppler target velocity
- drift velocity
- effective particle velocity
- envelope velocity
- escape velocity
- free-space wave velocity
- ground velocity
- group velocity
- instantaneous particle velocity
- interaction-circuit phase velocity
- interface velocity
- key velocity
- maximum particle velocity
- orbital velocity
- pair velocity
- partial constant angular velocity
- particle velocity
- peak particle velocity
- peripheral velocity
- phase velocity
- radio propagation velocity
- recombination velocity
- recorded velocity
- relative velocity
- relativistic velocity
- saturation domain-wall velocity
- scan velocity
- Slonczewski domain-wall limit velocity
- step velocity
- stripe-in velocity
- stripe-out velocity
- supersonic velocity
- Walker domain-wall limit velocity
- wave velocity
- zone constant angle velocity -
18 indicator
1) индикатор; указатель3) стрелка; указатель ( измерительного прибора)5) вчт. индикаторный регистр•-
acceleration indicator
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acid-base indicator
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adjustable indicator
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air cleaner service indicator
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airfield surface movement indicator
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air-position indicator
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airspeed indicator
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alphanumeric indicator
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alphameric indicator
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altitude indicator
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altitude-limit indicator
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analog/digital indicator
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anchor cable indicator
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angle of attack indicator
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antenna position indicator
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approach slope indicator
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attack angle indicator
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attitude director indicator
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attitude indicator
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audio indicator
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availability indicator
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axle load indicator
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azimuth-elevation indicator
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balance indicator
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bank-and-pitch indicator
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banner indicator
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bar-graph indicator
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bar indicator
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baro data indicator
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battery charge indicator
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beam indicator
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bearing indicator
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beat indicator
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bin-level indicator
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biological indicator
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blast indicator
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blown fuse indicator
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boom angle indicator
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burnout indicator
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busy indicator
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cable-fault indicator
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cable-operated indicator
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call indicator
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camera speed indicator
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capacitance level indicator
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carbon ribbon supply indicator
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cathode-ray tube indicator
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cathode-ray indicator
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cathode-ray tuning indicator
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challenge indicator
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character indicator
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charge indicator
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check indicator
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circular scan indicator
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climb-and-descent rate indicator
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clogging indicator
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color-change indicator
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color indicator
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compass repeater indicator
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consumption indicator
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contamination indicator
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continuation indicator
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continuous-reading indicator
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continuous indicator
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control position electric indicator
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coolant level indicator
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course deviation indicator
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course direction indicator
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course indicator
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course-and-bearing indicator
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cross-pointer indicator
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CRT indicator
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currency indicator
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data indicator
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dead reckoning indicator
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deflection indicator
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demand indicator
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depth indicator
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depth-of-field indicator
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dew-point indicator
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dial indicator
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digital indicator
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digital pressure indicator
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direct indicator
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direction indicator
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direct-reading indicator
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dirt indicator
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discharge indicator
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dome-temperature indicator
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draft indicator
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drift angle indicator
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drift indicator
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drilling efficiency indicator
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electrical zero indicator
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electrical-contact indicator
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electroluminescent indicator
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elevation-position indicator
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end-of-file indicator
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end-of-film run indicator
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end-of-line indicator
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end-of-page indicator
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end-of-tape indicator
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explosive-gas indicator
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failure indicator
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failure warning indicator
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fault indicator
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film footage indicator
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filter bypass indicator
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filter clogging indicator
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filter differential pressure indicator
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firedamp indicator
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fixed-pointer indicator
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fixed-scale indicator
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flag indicator
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flap position indicator
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flash indicator
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flight indicator
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float level indicator
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flow indicator
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fluorescent indicator
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flywheel runout indicator
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fouling point indicator
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frame indicator
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free point indicator
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frequency indicator
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fuel indicator
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fuse indicator
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fusion-type indicator
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gas indicator
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gas-discharge indicator
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glass level indicator
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glow-discharge indicator
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ground indicator
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ground-position indicator
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guest-host indicator
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heading indicator
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height-position indicator
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height-range indicator
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helm indicator
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high-level indicator
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hot-spot indicator
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humidity indicator
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icing indicator
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illuminated indicator
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indicator of pollution
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in-lock indicator
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instantaneous pressure indicator
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interlock indicator
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interrupt indicator
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irreversible thermal indicator
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isotopic indicator
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jamming environment indicator
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knock indicator
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landing direction indicator
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leakage indicator
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LED indicator
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level indicator
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level-type indicator
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light-emitting-diode indicator
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limit indicator
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line indicator
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linear analog indicator
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liquid-crystal indicator
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local indicator
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location indicator
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log indicator
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low fuel level indicator
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luminescent indicator
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machine check indicator
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magazine orientation indicator
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magnetic compass indicator
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magnetic indicator for lightning current
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malfunction indicator
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mass-flow indicator
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maximum demand indicator
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measuring indicator
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moisture indicator
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movable-pointer indicator
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movable-scale indicator
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moving-target indicator
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mud-flow indicator
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multirange indicator
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needle indicator
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neon indicator
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null indicator
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null-frequency indicator
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numerical indicator
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numeric indicator
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oil indicator
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oil-level indicator
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oil-pressure indicator
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open-circuit indicator
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operation indicator
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operator indicator
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optimum-shift-point indicator
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oscillation indicator
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overflow indicator
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overload indicator
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partial discharge indicator
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passing signal indicator
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patch indicator
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peak indicator
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phase indicator
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phase rotation indicator
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P-indicator
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pit volume indicator
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plan-position indicator
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plasma indicator
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pneumatic job setting indicator
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point indicator
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pointer indicator
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polarity indicator
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position indicator
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potential indicator
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power indicator
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power ready indicator
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power-factor indicator
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power-level indicator
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precipitation indicator
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pressure indicator
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pressure ratio indicator
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priority message indicator
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proximity warning indicator
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radar indicator
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radial-time-base indicator
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radiation indicator
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radio magnetic indicator
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radioactivity indicator
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range indicator
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range-height indicator
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rate-of-climb indicator
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rate-of-flow indicator
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reference indicator
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remote indicator
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remote power indicator
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reset-type filter indicator
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reversible thermal indicator
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revolution indicator
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ribbon advance indicator
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ring indicator
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rotating-drum indicator
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route indicator
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routing indicator
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rudder angle indicator
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rudder indicator
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running notch indicator
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runway alignment indicator
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scale indicator
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scene brightness indicator
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scoring indicator
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shadow tuning indicator
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shorted-turn indicator
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short-turn indicator
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sign check indicator
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signal strength indicator
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skyline tension indicator
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slave indicator
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space target Doppler indicator
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speed indicator
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stability indicator
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stack indicator
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standing-wave indicator
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state-of-charge indicator
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status indicator
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stock indicator
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stop-light indicator
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storm indicator
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straingage indicator
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strain indicator
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stroke indicator
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sun intensity indicator
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sun-position indicator
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switch indicator
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synchro indicator
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tank-level indicator
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tap position indicator
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temperature indicator
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thickness indicator
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thread indicator
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tilt indicator
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tire-wear indicator
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tong-torque indicator
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ton-mile indicator
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top-center indicator
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total volume indicator
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track indicator
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track-occupancy indicator
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traffic indicator
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train indicator
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transmission test indicator
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transmission-type indicator
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trim indicator
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trim tab indicator
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tuned-reed indicator
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tuning indicator
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turn indicator
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turn-and-bank indicator
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turn-and-slip indicator
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ultraviolet indicator
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vacuum indicator
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vertical-scale indicator
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visible indicator
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visual approach slope indicator
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voltage indicator
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voltage-deviation indicator
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volume indicator
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water-level indicator
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weight-on-the-bit indicator
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weight indicator
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wind direction indicator
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wind indicator
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window-annunciator indicator
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yaw indicator
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zone-beat indicator -
19 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
20 switch
1) переключатель; коммутационное устройство; коммутатор || переключать; коммутировать2) выключатель; прерыватель; разъединитель; рубильник || выключать; прерывать; разъединять5) вчт. оператор выбора, переключатель6) ж.-д. стрелка; стрелочный перевод || переводить стрелку7) ж.-д. маневрировать•to close the switch — замыкать переключатель;to switch off — выключать;to switch on — включать;to open the switch — размыкать переключатель;to switch out — выключать;-
access switch
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accumulator switch
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acoustic switch
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air-blast switch
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air-break switch
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air-pressure switch
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air-to-electric switch
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alignment switch
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all-insulated switch
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allotter switch
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analog switch
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analog-to-digital switch
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antenna switch
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antibuckle switch
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antidazzle switch
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automatic reclosing switch
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automatic switch
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automatic transfer switch
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baby knife switch
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backbone switch
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band switch
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bandwidth switch
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bank-and-wiper switch
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bank-and-wipe switch
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barrel switch
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bat-handle switch
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battery-regulating switch
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battery switch
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beam deflector switch
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bellows-actuated pressure switch
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biased switch
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bilateral switch
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billet switch
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bladed switch
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blocking switch
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brake switch
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branch switch
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break switch
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breakdown switch
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bus isolating switch
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bus-bar sectionalizing switch
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bus-tie switch
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button switch
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bypass switch
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call switch
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cam-operated switch
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cam switch
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cam-operated group switch
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capacitive switch
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catch switch
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ceiling switch
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cell switch
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centrifugal switch
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chain billet switch
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change tune switch
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changeover switch
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channel switch
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charge switch
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chopper switch
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circuit-changing switch
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closed switch
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closing switch
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cluster switch
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coaxial switch
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combination switch
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commutation switch
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complete switch
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contactor switch
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control switch
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converging switch
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cord switch
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cross switch
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crossbar switch
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current switch
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cutoff switch
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cut-out switch
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danger switch
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dean-front switch
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decade switch
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decimal switch
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deicer switch
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delay switch
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derailing switch
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diaphragm-actuated pressure switch
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differential-type pressure switch
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differential pressure switch
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dimmer switch
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diode switch
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DIP switch
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direction switch
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directional switch
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discharge switch
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disconnecting switch
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disconnect switch
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door switch
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double switch
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double-break switch
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double-pole double-throw switch
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double-pole single-throw switch
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double-pole switch
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double-throw switch
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down-lock limit switch
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drum switch
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drum-type billet switch
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dry reed switch
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dual-in-line package switch
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dual-in-line switch
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dual-stage pressure switch
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earthed switch
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earthing switch
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electric switch
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electrolytic switch
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electromagnetic switch
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electronic switch
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emergency brake switch
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emergency switch
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enabling switch
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enclosed low-voltage switch
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end switch
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end-cell switch
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entrance switch
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equilateral switch
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exit switch
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face point switch
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feed switch
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ferrite core switch
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ferrite switch
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field breaking switch
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field breakup switch
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field switch
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field-dividing switch
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film buckle switch
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fixed distance retract switch
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fixed-function switch
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flag switch
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flexible switch
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float switch
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floor switch
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flow switch
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fluidic switch
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flush switch
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foot-operated switch
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foot switch
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forward/reverse switch
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four-line billet switch
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front-connected switch
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function switch
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fuse disconnecting switch
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fuse switch
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fusible switch
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gang switch
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gas-filled reed switch
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gate switch
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gate-activated switch
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gate-controlled switch
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gate-turnoff switch
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grounding switch
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ground switch
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group switch
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half-open switch
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Hall-effect switch
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Hall switch
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hand-operated switch
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hand switch
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high-pressure switch
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high-speed switch
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high-voltage switch
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hitless switch
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hook switch
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horn-break switch
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horn-gap switch
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hospital switch
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hump switch
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ignition switch
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independent switch
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indicating switch
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indoor earthing switch
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indoor isolating switch
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inertia switch
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insulated switch
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integral pressure switch
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interchanging switch
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interlock switch
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interlocked switch
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interrupter switch
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isolating switch
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key switch
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kickdown switch
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knife-blade switch
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knife switch
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knife-break switch
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laser Q switch
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lead switch
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level switch
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lever switch
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lightning switch
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limit switch
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line switch
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liquid-level switch
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load switch
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load-break switch
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load-interrupt switch
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locked switch
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lockout switch
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logical switch
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logic switch
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low-duty-cycle switch
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low-pressure switch
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low-voltage switch
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magnetic switch
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magnetically operated sealed switch
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main light switch
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main switch
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mains switch
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mast switch
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master switch
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mechanical switch
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membrane touch switch
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membrane switch
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mercury switch
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mercury wetted reed switch
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micro switch
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microwave switch
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mode select switch
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momentary switch
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motor-actuated switch
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motor-operated switch
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motor-starting switch
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multiple-way switch
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multiplexer switch
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multiplex switch
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multiposition switch
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multithrow switch
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multiwafer switch
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neutral-start switch
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night alarm switch
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no-load switch
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nonbiased switch
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noninsulated switch
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noninterlocked switch
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nonlocking switch
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nontrailable switch
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normally closed switch
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normally open switch
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oil-break switch
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oil switch
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on-and-off switch
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on-off switch
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optical switch
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outdoor earthing switch
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outdoor isolating switch
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packet switch
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packet-type switch
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PAL switch
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panel switch
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paralleling switch
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passing track switch
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pendant switch
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piano-key switch
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pilot switch
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piston-actuated pressure switch
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plug switch
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pneumatic limit switch
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pneumatically operated switch
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p-n-p-n switch
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point control switch
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polarity switch
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pole-changer switch
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pole-changing switch
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pole-top switch
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poll switch
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power switch
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preselection switch
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press-button switch
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pressure switch
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provisional switch
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proximity switch
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pull-cord switch
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pull switch
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pull-on switch
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push-back-push switch
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push-button switch
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push-to-talk switch
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Q switch
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quick-break switch
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quick-make switch
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rail current switch
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range switch
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recessed switch
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redundancy switch
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reed switch
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remotely controlled switch
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remote switch
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retract switch
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reversing switch
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ribbon switch
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rocker switch
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rod pair differential switch
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roll erection torque switch
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rotary stepping switch
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rotary switch
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rotary wafer switch
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route switch
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run-through switch
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safety switch
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sampling switch
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sectionalizing switch
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section switch
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selector switch
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self-locking switch
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self-restoring switch
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semiconductor switch
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sense switch
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SF6 load-break switch
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sharp-angled switch
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short-circuiting switch
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shunting switch
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shutdown switch
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side-break disconnecting switch
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silent switch
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silicon bilateral switch
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silicon symmetrical switch
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silicon unilateral switch
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silicon-controlled switch
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single switch
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single-pole double-throw switch
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single-pole switch
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single-slip switch
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single-throw switch
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single-way switch
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slide switch
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snap-action switch
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snap switch
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socket switch
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software-defined switch
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software switch
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solenoid starter switch
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solenoid switch
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spark gap switch
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split switch
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spring switch
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star-delta switch
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starting switch
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step-by-step switch
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stepping switch
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stud switch
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suspension switch
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tandem switch
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tank-type oil switch
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tapping switch
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tap switch
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terminal switch
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thermal switch
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thermo-time switch
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three-pole switch
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three-position switch
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three-way switch
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throw-over switch
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thumbwheel switch
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time switch
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time-delay switch
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toggle switch
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touch-sensitive switch
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touch switch
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touch-to-talk switch
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trailing point switch
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transponder destruct switch
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tree-type switch
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tree switch
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trip switch
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triple-pole switch
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tumbler switch
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turn switch
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turnout switch
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two-pole switch
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two-way switch
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underload switch
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unlocked switch
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up-lock limit switch
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vacuum sealed magnetically operated switch
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vacuum sealed switch
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vacuum-operated switch
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vacuum switch
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video switch
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voice-activated switch
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voice-operated switch
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wafer-type switch
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wafer switch
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wall-board switch
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wave-band switch
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waveguide switch
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